African Cultures Essay - 1234 Words

African Cultures Africa has more than 800 languages native to its continent. African cultures are so diverse that they are different from any other culture of the world. African cultures contain many different languages. African languages range from common French to languages unheard of to most people such as Swahili. African arts are much different than American arts. Their art involves much more creative pottery, masks, and paintings. Africa has a very interesting culture. Reasons being the people are very creative and like to express their individuality. The most diverse cultures in the world belong to Africa. There are more than 800 languages spoken in the continent of Africa. Most Africans speak two or three languages, their†¦show more content†¦The most common languages in South Africa are Xhosa, Tswana, Zulu, and Swahili (African Languages). Zulu is one of nine Bantu languages spoken in East Southern Africa. Approximately 8.8 million people speak this language (African Languages). Swahili is spoken as a mother language vast along the coast of East Africa. It is the national language of Tanzania and the official language of Kenya (African Languages). It is also the official in German East Africa (Reader 265). Approximately 50 million people speak this language (African Languages). Art is very important to the Africans. In fact it is part of their everyday life (Fetzer 106). South African artists are active in many areas of art including sculpture, pottery, mask making, and many more (African Arts Information). Like African paintings, poetry, and woodcarvings, sculptures tell a tale and immortalize cultures and beliefs. Different artists have different styles (African Arts Information). Materials and styles differ from village to village. Most sculptors use green wood, copper, tin, zinc alloys, bronze, ivory, or terra cotta, a kind of earth ware. Most sculpture figures are believed to contain ancestors spirits. Others represent sacred ideas or events (Fetzer 106). Some objects are said to be magical and believed to have magical powers (African Arts). Africans carve figures, make masks, and decorate articles for ceremonies (Fetzer 106).Show MoreRelated Essay on African American Culture2045 Words   |  9 PagesEssay on African American Culture Works Cited Missing African American culture is defined as the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and life ways carried by this group of people, which guides their decisions, thinking, and actions in patterned ways. The individual in society is bound by rules of their culture. Culture of people are different in that the same events that maybe fear- inducing in one culture, maybe anger-inducing in another culture (Leiningers, 1991). Read More African American Culture Essay668 Words   |  3 Pagessafe to assume that all human beings desire peace. 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The continent is also considered to be the agricultural hub in the world. Due to this, most of African culture is ultimately intertwined with the foodstuffs that the land has to offer. In general, most of the inhabitants of Africa live within the rural areas and rely on subsistent farming to meet theirRead More African Minkisi and American Culture Essay6248 Words   |  25 PagesAfrican Minkisi and American Culture I. Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;African Minkisi have been used for hundreds of years in West Central Africa, This area where they are traditionally from was once known as the kingdom of Kongo, when Europeans started settling and trading with the BaKongo people. Kongo was a well-known state throughout much of the world by the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 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No Fault Divorce On Equal Footing - 912 Words

No fault divorce has allowed women and men (and more recently, same sex couples) the option to end their marriage simply because they no longer want to be married. However, this presents new legal questions which need to be answered. The courts must determine alimony, or spousal support. After a marriage, one spouse might need to support the other based on length of the marriage, difference in incomes or lost earning potential. However, determining a fair way to allocate alimony is an important issues to ensure both partners come out of the marriage on equal footing. Establishing new guidelines for alimony is critical to ensuring that there is equality at the end of a marriage. Marriage in our country is changing along with our culture and society. Obergefell v Hodges opened marriage to people of all sexual orientations, allowing all to marry who they wish, regardless of sex. Additionally, the amount of people who are married is declining. In 2013, just half of American adults were married, compared to 72% in 1960 (Pew). Since our society as a whole has been reconsidering marriage, we should also consider how marriages end and what factors should be considered when distributing assets, alimony and child support. Right now, trial courts are allowed discretion in determining alimony and the factors considered vary wildly across all fifty states (Rhode 2014; 76-77). This means there is no guarantee for women or men seeking support. This issue impacts women in particular,Show MoreRelatedThe Three Waves of Feminism1223 Words   |  5 PagesThis grand victory brought other reforms along, including reforms in the educational system, in healthcare and in the workplace. Second-Wave Feminism: Personal Means Political The First-Wave was significant to feminism as it established a safe footing from where women could start off. The second wave of feminism, however, was crucial to everything that followed after. 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Relationship Between Foreign Countries Through Monetary Integration

Question: Discuss about the Analyze A Relationship Between Foreign Countries Through Monetary Integration. Answer: Introduction: At present, economic integration is a common term, which represents an arrangement between various countries to reduce the trade barriers within them and to coordinate fiscal and monetary policies. The chief goal of this integration is to reduce costs associated with consumers and producers by increasing international trade within those countries, who have involved them within this economical agreement (Martin Ross, 2004). Economic integration, by providing less trade barriers, has helped its member countries to enhance relationship, economically and politically. This report intends to analyze a relationship between foreign countries through monetary integration. In this context, the report is going to describe the European monetary integration through the Maastricht Treaty and some others related to the same context. Advantage and disadvantage: Monetary integration has some economical advantages and disadvantages corresponding to its international activities, for instance, trade benefits and cooperation between employment and political activities. Through this process, countries get opportunities to trade with each other with lower a cost, which in turn has helped those countries to enjoy comparative advantage and to enhance purchasing power (Antrs Costinot, 2010). Trade liberalization has further helped countries to enhance employment opportunities through market expansion, foreign investment and other technological improvements. As a consequent, the political relation between those countries have also increased due to this positive implications of integration on all countrys economy. Instead of those advantages, this economic integration has also some negative impacts on as well. Those implications can be come in the form of trade deviation and reduction of sovereignty among countries as this integration is needs to follow some policies and trade rules at international level, which is implemented by an external policy implementing body. Measurement of integration: As economic integration has some positive implications on a country, it is essential to measure the degree of this integration across regions or countries, which have operated under these circumstances. Hence, to measure this integration, some methodologies can be adopted, based on various economical indicators that incorporate trade of products and services, migration of workers and international cash flows and so on. According to this assessment, the European Union (EU) and the United States (U.S) have possessed the worlds largest investment and bilateral trade relationship through economic integration. European Monetary System (EMS): The European Monetary System (EMS) was constructed in 1979 to stabilize inflation and to control exchange rate fluctuations among European countries after collapsing of the Bretton Woods Agreements in 1972 (Bayoumi Eichegreen, 1993). Hence, the European Central Bank (ECB) was formed in 1998 and consequently the euro was generated as a unified currency, which most of the EU countries had started to use. To link currencies among all countries under the European Economic Community (EEC) by a single one, the EMS had implemented a new policy to formulate the European Currency Unit (ECU) along with stabilization foreign exchange rate. Due to different political and economical conditions of the member countries of the EMS, for instance, Germanys reunification, it had faced crisis in the initial phase of 90s, which in turn influenced Britain to withdraw its membership from the EMS (Bhagwati, 2004). However, the mechanism to form a common currency by creating large economic alliances had continued, which in turn had helped most of the countries of EEC to sign in the Maastricht Treaty for establishing the European Union (EU). The Maastricht Treaty: The member countries of the EU had undertaken that treaty in 1992 for integrating Europe, in Maastricht of Netherlands. The treaty had come into action in 1993 at the Delors Commission, where it had made the structure of the EU through three pillars for making the Euro as the single European currency. The first pillar was based on community integration method, the second one stated about the intergovernmental cooperation method and the last one was based on intergovernmental cooperation method (Torres Giavazzi, 1993). However, those pillars were abolished in 2009 when the Treaty of Lisbon was formed. This treaty had played a significant role for creating the euro and at the same time, it had imposed some obligations to its member countries to follow, for instance, the member countries required to maintain a good fiscal policy by maintaining debt within 60% of GDP and also to maintain annual deficit below 35 of GDP (Weber, 1995). This treaty has set some criteria for its EU members to enter into the third stage of the European EMU by adopting the Euro as the common currency (Johnston Regan, 2016). Through four criteria, the Maastricht Treaty has tried to control excessive inflation, public deficit and public debt along with stability in exchange rate and the interest rates convergence. It can be seen from the above figure that the GDP of all member countries of the EU has experienced an increasing trend of gross domestic product (GDP), which in turn has implied that the monetary integration has affected those countries positively by increasing trade facilities. It can also be seen that the EU has experienced trend of import of goods and services after this integration as it has reduced the cost of international trade through reducing tariff of the international trade. Treaty of Lisbon: This international treaty has compensated two treaties, which have formed the constitutional base of the EU. This treaty was signed in 2007 while it had taken action in 2009. The two treaties, which were amended by this treaty of Lisbon, are the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of the European Union (Cooper, 2012). However, this treaty has opened up many questions related to the functions of the EU and this further has opened up a new way for creating another treaty. Conclusion: It essential to understand the role of economic integration or in other words, the impact of monetary integration, as it can help countries to enhance its economic activities through international trade and co-operation with each other for maintain a good relation related to economic and political situations. Trough introducing the unique currency, the euro, it has become useful for the member countries to operate with each other uninterruptedly through stabilizing exchange rate and controlling inflation. References: Antrs, P., Costinot, A. (2010). Intermediation and economic integration.American Economic Review,100(2), 424-28. Bayoumi, T., Eichegreen, B. (1993). Shocking Aspects of European Monetary Unification. Cambridge: Cambridge University press Bhagwati, J. (2004).In defense of globalization: With a new afterword. Oxford University Press. Cooper, I. (2012). A virtual third chamberfor the European Union? National parliaments after the treaty of Lisbon.West European Politics,35(3), 441-465. European Union Imports | 1999-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2018).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/european-union/imports GDP (current US$) | Data. (2018).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2016locations=EUstart=1992 Johnston, A., Regan, A. (2016). European monetary integration and the incompatibility of national varieties of capitalism.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,54(2), 318-336. Martin, A., Ross, G. (Eds.). (2004).Euros and Europeans: monetary integration and the European model of society. Cambridge University Press. Torres, F., Giavazzi, F. (Eds.). (1993).Adjustment and growth in the European Monetary Union. Cambridge University Press. Weber, C. (1995).Simulating sovereignty: Intervention, the state and symbolic exchange(Vol. 37). Cambridge University Press.